The Federalist Papers to seria 85 esejówarguing na poparcie United StatesConstitution. Alexander Hamilton, James Madison i John Jay byli autorami tych utworów, a trzej mężczyźni pisali wspólnie pod pseudonimem Publius.
Siedemdziesiąt siedem esejów zostało opublikowanych jako seria w The Independent Journal, The New YorkPacket i The Daily Advertiser między październikiem 1787 a sierpniem 1788 roku. Początkowo nie były one znane jako „Federalist Papers”, ale po prostu „TheFederalist”. Ostatnie 8 zostało dodane później.
W czasie publikacji, autorstwo artykułów było ściśle strzeżoną tajemnicą. Dopiero po śmierci Hamiltona w 1804 roku upubliczniono listę, na której uznano go za jednego z autorów. Stwierdzono na niej, że dwie trzecie esejów należy do Hamiltona. Wiele z nich zostanie później zakwestionowanych przez Madisona, który faktycznie napisał kilka z artykułów przypisywanych Hamiltonowi.
Po tym jak Konwencja Federalna wysłała Konstytucję do Kongresu Konfederacji w 1787 roku, dokument stał się celem krytyki ze strony jej przeciwników. Hamilton, głęboko wierzący w Konstytucję, napisał w Federaliście nr 1, że seria będzie „starała się dać zadowalającą odpowiedź na wszystkie zastrzeżenia, które się pojawią, a które mogą wydawać się mieć jakiekolwiek roszczenie do waszej uwagi.”
Publius
Alexander Hamilton był siłą stojącą za projektem i był odpowiedzialny za zwerbowanie Jamesa Madisona i Johna Jaya do pisania z nim jako Publius. Dwie inne osoby były brane pod uwagę, Gouverneur Morris i William Duer. Morris odrzucił ofertę, a Hamiltonowi nie podobała się praca Duera. Nawet jeszcze, Duermanaged opublikować trzy artykuły w obronie Konstytucji pod nazwą Philo-Publius, lub „Friend of Publius.”
Hamilton wybrał „Publius” jako pseudonim, pod którym seria będzie napisane, inhonor wielkiego rzymskiego Publius Valerius Publicola. Oryginalny Publius jest uważany za instrumentalny w zakładaniu Republiki Rzymskiej. Hamilton myślał, że będzie on ponownie z założycielem Republiki Amerykańskiej. He turnedto be right.
John Jay był autorem pięciu z Federalist Papers. Później miał pełnić funkcję Chief Justice of the United States. Jay zachorował już po napisaniu 4 esejów i był w stanie napisać jeszcze tylko jeden przed końcem projektu, co wyjaśnia dużą lukę czasową między nimi.
Jay’s Contributions were Federalist: No. 2, No. 3, No. 4, No. 5, andNo. 64.
James Madison, główny współpracownik Hamiltona, późniejszy prezydent Stanów Zjednoczonych i „Ojciec Konstytucji”. Napisał 29 Federalist Papers, choć sam Madison, i wielu innych od tamtego czasu, twierdzili, że napisał ich więcej. Znanym błędem w liście Hamiltona jest to, że błędnie przypisał on numer 54 Johnowi Jayowi, podczas gdy w rzeczywistości Jay napisał numer 64, co dostarczyło pewnych dowodów na sugestię Madisona. Prawie wszystkie badania statystyczne pokazują, że sporne papiery zostały napisane przez Madisona, ale ponieważ sami pisarze nie wydali żadnej kompletnej listy, nikt nigdy nie będzie wiedział tego na pewno.
Opozycja do Bill of Rights
The Federalist Papers, szczególnie Federalist No. 84, są godne uwagi ze względu na ich opozycję do tego, co później stało się United States Bill of Rights. Hamilton nie popierał dodania Bill of Rights, ponieważ wierzył, że Konstytucja nie została napisana po to, by ograniczać ludzi. Wymieniała ona uprawnienia rządu i pozostawiała wszystko w gestii stanów i narodu. Oczywiście, ten sentyment nie był powszechny i Stany Zjednoczone nie tylko otrzymały Konstytucję, ale także Bill of Rights.
The Federalist Papers
No. 1: General Introduction
Written by: Alexander Hamilton
October 27, 1787
No.2: Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence
Written by: John Jay
October 31, 1787
No. 3: The Same Subject Continued: Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force andInfluence
Written by: John Jay
November 3, 1787
No. 4: The Same Subject Continued: Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force andInfluence
Written by: John Jay
November 7, 1787
No. 5: The Same Subject Continued: Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force andInfluence
Written by: John Jay
November 10, 1787
No. 6:Concerning Dangers from Dissensions Between the States
Written by: Alexander Hamilton
November 14, 1787
No. 7 The Same Subject Continued: Concerning Dangers from Dissensions Between theStates
Written by: Alexander Hamilton
November 15, 1787
No. 8: The Consequences of Hostilities Between the States
Written by: Alexander Hamilton
20 listopada 1787
No. 9 The Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection
Written by: Alexander Hamilton
November 21, 1787
No. 10 The Same Subject Continued: The Union as a Safeguard Against DomesticFaction and Insurrection
Written by: James Madison
November 22, 1787
No. 11 The Utility of the Union in Respect to Commercial Relations and a Navy
Written by: Alexander Hamilton
November 24, 1787
No 12: The Utility of the Union In Respect to Revenue
Written by: Alexander Hamilton
27 listopada 1787
Nr 13: Advantage of the Union in Respect to Economy in Government
Written by: Alexander Hamilton
November 28, 1787
No. 14: Objections to the Proposed Constitution From Extent of Territory Answered
Written by: James Madison
November 30, 1787
No 15: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union
Written by: Alexander Hamilton
December 1, 1787
No. 16: The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation toPreserve the Union
Written by: Alexander Hamilton
December 4, 1787
No. 17: The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation toPreserve the Union
Written by: Alexander Hamilton
December 5, 1787
No. 18: The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation toPreserve the Union
Written by: James Madison
December 7, 1787
No. 19: The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation toPreserve the Union
Written by: James Madison
December 8, 1787
No. 20: The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation toPreserve the Union
Written by: James Madison
December 11, 1787
No. 21: Other Defects of the Present Confederation
Written by: Alexander Hamilton
December 12, 1787
No. 22: The Same Subject Continued: Other Defects of the Present Confederation
Written by: Alexander Hamilton
14 grudnia 1787
No. 23: The Necessity of a Government as Energetic as the One Proposed to thePreservation of the Union
Written by: Alexander Hamilton
December 18, 1787
No. 24: The Powers Necessary to the Common Defense Further Considered
Written by: Alexander Hamilton
December 19, 1787
No. 25: The Same Subject Continued: The Powers Necessary to the Common DefenseFurther Considered
Written by: Alexander Hamilton
December 21, 1787
No. 26: The Idea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard to the CommonDefense Considered
Written by: Alexander Hamilton
December 22, 1787
No. 27: The Same Subject Continued: The Idea of Restraining the Legislative Authorityin Regard to the Common Defense Considered
Written by: Alexander Hamilton
December 25, 1787
No. 28: The Same Subject Continued: The Idea of Restraining the Legislative Authorityin Regard to the Common Defense Considered
Written by: Alexander Hamilton
December 26, 1787
No. 29: Concerning the Militia
Written by: Alexander Hamilton
January 9, 1788
No. 30: Concerning the General Power of Taxation
Written by: Alexander Hamilton
December 28, 1787
No. 31: The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation
Written by: Alexander Hamilton
January 1, 1788
No. 32: The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation
Written by: Alexander Hamilton
January 2, 1788
No. 33: The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation
Written by: Alexander Hamilton
January 2, 1788
No. 34: The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation
Written by: Alexander Hamilton
January 5, 1788
No. 35: The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation
Written by: Alexander Hamilton
January 5, 1788
No. 36: The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation
Written by: Alexander Hamilton
January 8, 1788
No. 37: Concerning the Difficulties of the Convention in Devising a Proper Form ofGovernment
Written by: Alexander Hamilton
January 11, 1788
No. 38: The Same Subject Continued, and the Incoherence of the Objections to the NewPlan Exposed
Written by: James Madison
January 12, 1788
No. 39: The Conformity of the Plan to Republican Principles
Written by: James Madison
January 18, 1788
No. 40: The Powers of the Convention to Form a Mixed Government Examined andSustained
Written by: James Madison
January 18, 1788
No. 41: General View of the Powers Conferred by the Constitution
Written by: James Madison
January 19, 1788
No. 42: The Powers Conferred by the Constitution Further Considered
Written by: James Madison
January 22, 1788
No. 43: The Same Subject Continued: The Powers Conferred by the Constitution FurtherConsidered
Written by: James Madison
January 23, 1788
No. 44: Restrictions on the Authority of the Several States
Written by: James Madison
January 25, 1788
No. 45: The Alleged Danger From the Powers of the Union to the State GovernmentsConsidered
Written by: James Madison
January 26, 1788
No. 46: The Influence of the State and Federal Governments Compared
Written by: James Madison
January 29, 1788
No. 47: The Particular Structure of the New Government and the Distribution of PowerAmong Its Different Parts
Written by: James Madison
January 30, 1788
No. 48: These Departments Should Not Be So Far Separated as to Have NoConstitutional Control Over Each Other
Written by: James Madison
February 1, 1788
No. 49: Method of Guarding Against the Encroachments of Any One Department ofGovernment
Written by: James Madison
February 2, 1788
No. 50: Periodic Appeals to the People Considered
Written by: James Madison
February 5, 1788
No. 51: The Structure of the Government Must Furnish the Proper Checks and BalancesBetween the Different Departments
Written by: James Madison
February 6, 1788
No. 52: The House of Representatives
Written by: James Madison
8 lutego 1788
No. 53: The Same Subject Continued: The House of Representatives
Written by: James Madison
9 lutego 1788
No. 54: The Apportionment of Members Among the States
Written by: James Madison
February 12, 1788
No. 55: The Total Number of the House of Representatives
Written by: James Madison
February 13, 1788
No. 56: The Same Subject Continued: The Total Number of the House ofRepresentatives
Written by: James Madison
February 16, 1788
No. 57: The Alleged Tendency of the New Plan to Elevate the Few at the Expense of theMany
Written by: James Madison
February 19, 1788
No. 58: Objection That The Number of Members Will Not Be Augmented as theProgress of Population Demands Demands Considered
Written by: James Madison
February 20, 1788
No. 59: Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members
Written by: Alexander Hamilton
February 22, 1788
No. 60: The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate theElection of Members
Written by: Alexander Hamilton
February 23, 1788
No. 61: The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate theElection of Members
Written by: Alexander Hamilton
February 26, 1788
No. 62: The Senate
Written by: James Madison
27 lutego 1788
No. 63: The Senate Continued
Written by: James Madison
Marzec 1, 1788
No. 64: The Powers of the Senate
Written by: John Jay
Marzec 5, 1788
Nr 65: The Powers of the Senate Continued
Written by: Alexander Hamilton
Marzec 7, 1788
No. 66: Objections to the Power of the Senate To Set as a Court for ImpeachmentsFurther Considered
Written by: Alexander Hamilton
Marzec 8, 1788
No. 67: The Executive Department
Written by: Alexander Hamilton
Marzec 11, 1788
Nr 68: The Mode of Electing the President
Written by: Alexander Hamilton
Marzec 12, 1788
Nr 69: Prawdziwy charakter władzy wykonawczej
Pisane przez: Alexander Hamilton
Marzec 14, 1788
No. 70: The Executive Department Further Considered
Written by: Alexander Hamilton
Marzec 15, 1788
No. 71: The Duration in Office of the Executive
Written by: Alexander Hamilton
Marzec 18, 1788
No. 72: The Same Subject Continued, and Re-Eligibility of the Executive Considered
Written by: Alexander Hamilton
Marzec 19, 1788
No. 73: The Provision For The Support of the Executive, and the Veto Power
Written by: Alexander Hamilton
Marzec 21, 1788
No. 74: The Command of the Military and Naval Forces, and the Pardoning Power of theExecutive
Written by: Alexander Hamilton
Marzec 25, 1788
No. 75: The Treaty Making Power of the Executive
Written by: Alexander Hamilton
Marzec 26, 1788
No. 76: The Appointing Power of the Executive
Written by: Alexander Hamilton
April 1, 1788
No. 77: The Appointing Power Continued and Other Powers of the Executive Considered
Written by: Alexander Hamilton
April 2, 1788
No. 78: The Judiciary Department
Written by: Alexander Hamilton
June 14, 1788
No. 79: The Judiciary Continued
Written by: Alexander Hamilton
June 18, 1788
No. 80: The Powers of the Judiciary
Written by: Alexander Hamilton
June 21, 1788
No. 81: The Judiciary Continued, and the Distribution of the Judicial Authority
Written by: Alexander Hamilton
June 25, 1788
No. 82: The Judiciary Continued
Written by: Alexander Hamilton
July 2, 1788
No. 83: The Judiciary Continued in Relation to Trial by Jury
Written by: Alexander Hamilton
July 5, 1788
No. 84: Certain General and Miscellaneous Objections to the Constitution Consideredand Answered
Written by: Alexander Hamilton
July 16, 1788
No. 85: Concluding Remarks
Written by: Alexander Hamilton
August 13, 1788
Całe dzieła można przeczytać ze strony Biblioteki Kongresu.
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